3) Stage 3: mature hepatocytes To induce differentiation to mature hepatocytes in a 2D culture system, the medium was replaced with Hepatocyte Culture Medium (CC-3198; Lonza, Basel, Swiss) without epidermal growth factor, mixed with Endothelial Cell Growth Medium-2 (CC-3162; Lonza, Basel, Swiss) (1:1), adjusted to a 2.5% fetal bovine serum concentration with 100 nM dexamethasone (D4902; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 20 ng/mL OSM (295-OM-050; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), and 10 ng/mL human hepatocyte growth factor (100-39; Peprotech) for 4 days and incubated in 5% hypoxia. The cells were then further cultured in normoxia for 7 days.