The capacity of integrins to mediate adhesiveness is modulated by their cytoplasmic associations. In this study, we describe a novel mechanism by which alpha(4)-integrin adhesiveness is regulated by the cytoskeletal adaptor paxillin. A mutation of the alpha(4) tail that disrupts paxillin binding, alpha(4)(Y991A), reduced talin association to the alpha(4)beta(1) heterodimer, impaired integrin anchorage to the cytoskeleton, and suppressed alpha(4)beta(1)-dependent capture and adhesion strengthening of Jurkat T cells to VCAM-1 under shear stress. The mutant retained intrinsic avidity to soluble or bead-immobilized VCAM-1, supported normal cell spreading at short-lived contacts, had normal alpha(4)-microvillar distribution, and responded to inside-out signals. This is the first demonstration that cytoskeletal anchorage of an integrin enhances the mechanical stability of its adhesive bonds under strain and, thereby, promotes its ability to mediate leukocyte adhesion under physiological shear stress conditions.